BAGRUT TRAP KILLER — FIXED READING PRACTICE — v0.7.0
Original fictional scenarios: all people, places, projects and results are invented for reading practice. Reading only; not a complete Bagrut exam.

G-S01 — When a Quiet Route Is Not the Shortest
494 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. A navigation app normally offers the fastest way to reach a destination. In a fictional pilot project called Quiet Steps, however, the developers have added a different option: routes with less traffic noise. The option is intended for people who are willing to spend a few extra minutes walking in a calmer environment. Its designers do not claim that a quiet route is always safer or healthier. They simply want users to choose between two priorities that conventional route suggestions do not usually distinguish. A route can be efficient in terms of time and still be unpleasant to walk along.
2. To create the new maps, volunteers recorded sound levels at selected street corners. They visited each location in the morning and again in the evening, since a street's character could change during the day. The team then combined these recordings with information about traffic. This combination was important: a single recording might capture a passing truck rather than the conditions walkers normally experience. The app therefore marks a route as likely to be quiet, rather than promising silence. The recordings contain measurements of sound levels, not conversations, and the service does not identify the people using it.
3. An early trial revealed a problem with the way the results were presented. The app described one route as considerably quieter, but did not show that it took twelve minutes longer than the usual route. Some users chose it and were disappointed when they arrived late. Their complaints did not show that the sound measurements were wrong. Rather, the users had been given useful information about one feature while an important cost of choosing it remained unclear. The developers responded by displaying the expected walking time beside the noise estimate, allowing the two routes to be compared directly.
4. Not everyone welcomed the proposal. A shop owner worried that directing walkers away from a busy road might reduce the number of people passing her business. She suggested that a town should reduce traffic noise instead of merely helping individuals avoid it. The developers agreed that better public spaces would benefit more people, but argued that their tool and improvements to streets could serve different purposes. The tool could help someone choose a route today; changing traffic arrangements would require decisions and resources beyond the team's control. They did not present the app as a replacement for those changes.
5. The project has consequently adopted a more modest description of success. The team no longer counts the number of quiet-route choices as sufficient evidence that the service is useful. It also asks whether walkers understood the extra time involved before deciding. Someone who selects the faster route after comparing both options has still made an informed choice. For the developers, that is a valuable outcome too. Their next task is to improve coverage of neighborhoods with few recordings. Until then, they warn users that an absence of noise information should not be interpreted as evidence that a street is quiet.
G-S01-Q01 | G-S01-P1
Put a mark by the TWO correct answers. Base your answers on paragraph I.
What do we learn about the Quiet Steps option?
A. Why walking improves everyone's health.
B. How volunteers collected sound information.
C. Why every quiet route is safer.
D. How many people have chosen it.
E. What feature of a route it considers.
F. Who might want to use it.

G-S01-Q02 | G-S01-P1
Complete the sentence.
COMPLETE THE SENTENCE. The new option enables users to choose between saving time and _____.

G-S01-Q03 | G-S01-P2
Give ONE answer from paragraph II.
Why did the team combine the recordings with traffic information?

G-S01-Q04 | G-S01-P3
Circle ONE correct answer.
What do the users' complaints in paragraph III help explain?
A. Why the team had measured sound levels incorrectly.
B. Why users refused to take any route that was longer.
C. Why quieter streets necessarily make people walk more slowly.
D. Why accurate information about one feature may be insufficient for a decision.

G-S01-Q05 | G-S01-P4
Circle ONE correct answer.
What does the phrase 'those changes' at the end of paragraph IV refer to?
A. Changes to the measurements taken by volunteers.
B. Changes to the shop's opening hours.
C. Changes to traffic arrangements that would improve public spaces.
D. Changes to the way walking times were displayed.

G-S01-Q06 | G-S01-P5
Complete the sentence.
COMPLETE THE SENTENCE. According to paragraph V, choosing the faster route can still be a successful outcome if the walker _____.

G-S01-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the whole article?
A. A route-planning tool can support informed choices when it makes trade-offs and limitations clear.
B. Reducing noise measurements is the quickest way to improve town centers.
C. Every successful navigation app must persuade users to choose quieter streets.
D. Walking time is the only useful information a navigation app can provide.

G-S02 — Who Owns a Community Sound Map?
431 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. The sound of a market bell may seem to belong to everyone who hears it. Turning that sound into a public recording, however, raises a different question: who should decide how it is used? In this fictional account, the town of Bellford plans an online map of everyday sounds. Visitors would be able to hear a fountain, a workshop, or a weekly market by selecting a location. The organizers want to preserve places as they sound now, rather than create an advertisement for the town. A recording might include something residents dislike as well as something they value. One contributor calls the map a celebration, but the coordinator prefers the less ambitious word record. She argues that selecting only pleasant sounds would produce a misleading impression of local life. The coordinator also notes that a recording can be easy to share and difficult to withdraw from every place it has reached. This does not prevent the town from setting rules for its own map. It makes the distinction between controlling the service and controlling every later use especially important.
2. Before collecting material, the team distinguishes between recording a place and recording an identifiable person. A general recording of water flowing through a public square may be submitted without an individual speaker's permission. A clearly recognizable conversation requires permission from everyone whose voice can be identified. This restriction makes some lively recordings unusable, but the team accepts that loss. Volunteers are asked to explain the intended public use before requesting permission; agreement to a private recording is not enough. Contributors may also choose to describe a sound in writing instead of uploading it. These alternatives let people take part without surrendering the same degree of control. The map does not claim that more recorded voices necessarily mean better representation.
3. The workshop owner supports the archive but objects to an outside company selling her recording. The coordinator responds by separating access from commercial reuse: anyone may listen, while selling or using a recording in an advertisement requires a new agreement. A contributor can request removal, although the map retains a written note explaining that an entry once existed. That note contains no voice or personal details.
4. Some residents worry that removing entries will weaken the historical record. Others believe an archive loses legitimacy if participation becomes an irreversible decision. No rule can completely satisfy both concerns. The proposed policy therefore remains open to discussion, with a review scheduled before the map becomes public. The organizers must decide not simply which sounds are worth collecting, but what continuing responsibilities arise from making them available.
G-S02-Q01 | G-S02-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why does the coordinator prefer the word record to celebration?
A. The project concerns the sounds of Bellford.
B. It allows the map to include disagreeable aspects of town life.
C. It promises an inspiring tribute to a wonderful community.
D. A record is a complete account of every local sound.

G-S02-Q02 | G-S02-P1
Complete the sentence.
The map aims to preserve _____ rather than advertise the town.

G-S02-Q03 | G-S02-P2
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph II.
Which TWO conditions apply to publishing an identifiable conversation?
A. Consent to private recording is sufficient.
B. They must understand the intended public use.
C. All identifiable speakers must give permission.
D. One speaker can authorize all the voices.
E. Selling it requires another agreement.
F. Every contributor must upload a voice recording.

G-S02-Q04 | G-S02-P2
Give ONE answer.
Why does the team accept losing some lively recordings?

G-S02-Q05 | G-S02-P3
Circle ONE correct answer.
What does the removal policy retain?
A. The voice remains available only to advertisers.
B. The recording remains publicly audible.
C. No trace of the entry remains.
D. A nonpersonal note that an entry used to exist.

G-S02-Q06 | G-S02-P4
Give ONE answer.
Why is a review scheduled before publication?

G-S02-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which title best suits the whole article?
A. A Complete History of Bellford
B. Sharing Local Sounds: Access Comes with Responsibilities
C. The Best Places to Hear a Fountain
D. How to Sell a Workshop Recording

G-S03 — Making a Device Easier to Repair
441 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. In a fictional design competition, two teams produce desk lamps intended to last for years. One lamp has a thin body with several parts permanently joined together. The other has a slightly wider base that can be opened with an ordinary screwdriver. Both lamps provide the same amount of light, so the difference cannot be judged by brightness alone. The second team wants owners to replace a failed switch without replacing the whole lamp. That possibility attracts the judges, but they ask a further question: will replacement switches actually remain available? A product may be easy to open and still be difficult to repair. The competition therefore considers the arrangements surrounding the lamp as well as its physical design. The judges ask both teams to describe a likely owner, rather than imagine a person with unlimited money, skill, and time. A useful design should account for the choices ordinary people might actually face. The comparison will include moments when a repair is possible but inconvenient, as well as moments when it is straightforward.
2. The repairable lamp uses a switch shared with several other products. This could make supplying replacement parts less expensive because the manufacturer would not need a separate production line for this model. The team also publishes instructions showing how to reach the switch without disturbing the wiring. These measures reduce two barriers: finding a suitable component and understanding the procedure. They do not make every repair appropriate for an untrained owner. The instructions clearly identify electrical faults that should be handled by a qualified technician. One judge describes the proposal as reducing dependence on a single supplier, whereas a publicity leaflet calls it total independence. The judge rejects that wording. Owners would still depend on available components, safe procedures, and people able to deal with more complicated faults.
3. The other team argues that its sealed lamp is easier to protect against spilled water. It proposes a low-cost replacement service rather than home repair. The judges acknowledge this advantage but ask who will collect the old lamps and which parts will be reused. Replacing a complete product may appear inexpensive to an owner while shifting work and waste elsewhere. Conversely, making a product repairable does not ensure that anyone will choose to repair it. Time, confidence, and the price of a replacement all influence that decision.
4. Instead of announcing a winner immediately, the judges request a comparison of both designs over several years of ordinary use. They want evidence about actual repairs and returns, not just statements about what is theoretically possible. Neither design is dismissed, but each must demonstrate that its promised advantage survives beyond the competition table.
G-S03-Q01 | G-S03-P1
Give ONE answer.
Why do the judges ask about future supplies of switches?

G-S03-Q02 | G-S03-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
What is the second team trying to enable?
A. Repair of every household device.
B. An effortless and wonderful life for every owner.
C. Replacement of one failed component.
D. A brighter light than the other lamp.

G-S03-Q03 | G-S03-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why is total independence an inaccurate description?
A. Reducing dependence does not remove all reliance on others.
B. Every repair must be performed by the manufacturer.
C. Reduced dependence means complete freedom from suppliers.
D. The instructions themselves cause electrical faults.

G-S03-Q04 | G-S03-P2
Complete the sentence.
Using a shared switch could reduce costs because _____.

G-S03-Q05 | G-S03-P3
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph III.
Which TWO factors are explicitly mentioned as influencing a decision to repair?
A. The cost of replacing the product.
B. The availability of a shared switch.
C. The age of the competition judges.
D. The time involved.
E. The brightness of the lamp.
F. The color of its base.

G-S03-Q06 | G-S03-P4
Complete the sentence.
Before choosing a winner, the judges want _____.

G-S03-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
What is the main purpose of the article?
A. To show why claims about repairability require practical support and comparison.
B. To describe the production of a shared switch.
C. To explain how to change every electrical component.
D. To prove that sealed devices should never be sold.

G-S04 — Digital Copies in a Museum
456 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. A visitor to a fictional museum asks a reasonable question: if a sculpture can be copied accurately, why travel to see the original? The museum's new digital collection allows people to examine three-dimensional images from any angle. A student who cannot visit can enlarge a small detail that would be difficult to notice behind glass. The digital collection thus offers a kind of access the exhibition cannot provide. Yet the curator refuses to describe it as a replacement for the museum. The image records the sculpture's visible shape, while the exhibition also explains its material, original setting, and later history. These are related experiences, but they are not identical. Being able to inspect an object does not automatically mean understanding the circumstances in which it mattered. The curator asks the designers to avoid a single button that labels an object fully understood. Viewing several details may start an investigation without completing it. An online visitor should be able to return to the object with a new question, just as someone in the exhibition might look at it again.
2. To make that difference clear, the museum displays two digital versions of a damaged bowl. One shows the bowl as it survives; the other reconstructs its possible original form. The second version is useful for imagining how the bowl was used, but uncertain sections are marked in a different color. The curator insists that the marks remain visible even if they make the image less attractive. Removing them would turn an interpretation into an apparent fact. Both versions are based on the same surviving fragments, although only one fills the gaps. The design encourages visitors to compare the evidence with the reconstruction instead of assuming that a smooth image is necessarily the most reliable one. A copy can communicate uncertainty as well as visual detail.
3. A teacher welcomes the collection because her class can investigate objects before a visit. She asks students to formulate questions that the images alone cannot answer, such as how heavy a bowl feels or why it was placed beside another object. The class later discusses whether the exhibition answered those questions. A visitor with limited travel options, however, sees the online collection as her main encounter with the museum rather than preparation for a trip. The curator accepts both uses. She measures the collection's value by the questions and connections it makes possible, not by the number of online viewers who subsequently visit in person. The next stage will add descriptions of the rooms around the objects. This will provide more context, although it cannot reproduce every aspect of standing inside the building. The museum's challenge is to make the digital experience worthwhile on its own while being honest about what it represents.
G-S04-Q01 | G-S04-P1
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph I.
Which TWO benefits of the digital collection are described?
A. It eliminates uncertainty about original settings.
B. Small details can be enlarged.
C. It replaces the museum experience completely.
D. All objects can be handled at home.
E. Visitors learn exactly how heavy every object is.
F. Objects can be viewed from different angles.

G-S04-Q02 | G-S04-P1
Give ONE answer.
Why are the digital and exhibition experiences not identical?

G-S04-Q03 | G-S04-P2
Give ONE answer.
What do the two versions of the bowl have in common?

G-S04-Q04 | G-S04-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why must the colored marks remain visible?
A. To prove that attractive copies are always false.
B. To preserve the beauty of a perfect ancient treasure.
C. To make the original bowl look more expensive.
D. To distinguish uncertain reconstruction from surviving evidence.

G-S04-Q05 | G-S04-P3
Circle ONE correct answer.
What does the teacher ask students to do before visiting?
A. Explain how the digital bowl was reconstructed.
B. Count how many viewers travel to the museum.
C. Identify questions requiring more than the images.
D. Decide that all their questions were answered by the exhibition.

G-S04-Q06 | G-S04-P3
Complete the sentence.
For the curator, an online viewer need not _____ for the collection to be valuable.

G-S04-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which statement best summarizes the article?
A. Online images are useful only before a physical visit.
B. Digital collections can offer valuable access when their interpretations and limits are clear.
C. All museum questions can be answered by accurate copies.
D. Two versions of one bowl prove the museum has no originals.

G-S05 — Food Labels with Changing Information
448 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. A date printed on a package is easy to read, but it cannot show everything that has happened to the food inside. In a fictional packaging proposal, a small label changes color when a product has been exposed to unusually warm conditions for a certain period. The designer wants the label to add information about handling, not to replace the printed date. A shop assistant can read a date without knowing whether a delivery was delayed outside a refrigerator. The changing label could alert the assistant to that possibility. It would not identify who was responsible or explain exactly when the delay occurred. The distinction matters because an indicator of exposure is different from a complete account of a product's journey. The demonstration will present packages with different combinations of dates and colors. Participants will be asked what each indicator tells them separately. The designer expects this comparison to reveal misunderstandings that an attractive display might hide, but she does not yet have evidence that the explanation will work for all readers.
2. The proposed label responds to temperature and duration together. Brief warmth might leave it unchanged, whereas a longer period at the same temperature could alter its color. Once the change has occurred, cooling the package again does not restore the original color. This feature prevents later refrigeration from hiding an earlier exposure. However, a changed label does not by itself establish that the food is unsafe, and an unchanged label does not guarantee that it is safe. Other problems, which the label cannot detect, may affect the product. The designer therefore calls it a warning signal rather than a safety certificate. A retailer who describes it as proof of freshness would be giving it a meaning the design does not support.
3. Two shops suggest different ways to use the information. One proposes removing every package with a changed label. The other wants staff to check delivery records before deciding whether to return a batch to the supplier. The designer does not choose between these policies because the trial is intended to test whether people understand the signal, not to create a complete food-handling rule. In a demonstration, some participants treat an unchanged label as permission to ignore the printed date. The team responds by placing a short explanation beside both indicators: they answer different questions and should be read together. No results about illness or waste reduction are claimed. Before testing the label on real deliveries, the team must also establish whether its color can be read clearly under ordinary shop lighting. The proposal illustrates a broader difficulty in presenting useful information: a simple signal can be misunderstood precisely because it looks like a simple answer.
G-S05-Q01 | G-S05-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
What would the changing label tell an assistant?
A. It would explain why refrigeration was invented.
B. It would certify that the product is fresh.
C. It would reveal exactly who delayed the delivery.
D. That the product may have experienced prolonged warmth.

G-S05-Q02 | G-S05-P1
Give ONE answer.
Why might the printed date be insufficient?

G-S05-Q03 | G-S05-P2
Complete the sentence.
Cooling a package after its label has changed will _____.

G-S05-Q04 | G-S05-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why is safety certificate an inaccurate name?
A. Warning and certification mean the same degree of certainty.
B. Cooling is caused by the change in color.
C. The label cannot establish safety from all possible problems.
D. All labels change after brief warmth.

G-S05-Q05 | G-S05-P3
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph III.
Which TWO matters must the team investigate or address before ordinary use?
A. How to restore the original color by cooling.
B. Who invented the printed date.
C. Whether people understand the signal.
D. Whether illness has already fallen in both shops.
E. Whether shop lighting allows the color to be read clearly.
F. Which temperature and duration alter the color.

G-S05-Q06 | G-S05-P3
Complete the sentence.
The explanation is placed beside both indicators so that users _____.

G-S05-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
What is the article mainly about?
A. Instructions for returning every warm package.
B. The useful but limited information a changing food label could provide.
C. The delivery records of two shops.
D. A proven method for eliminating food illness.

G-S06 — A Public Seating Experiment
446 words; seven numbered questions; 7 answer units.
1. The busiest bench is not necessarily the most useful bench. That is the starting point of a fictional seating experiment in the town of Merefield. Officials want to compare two arrangements in a public square: benches facing the central stage and benches facing one another. The first arrangement may suit people watching an event; the second may make conversation easier. Counting occupied seats seems a convenient way to compare them, but the planner argues that the count needs an interpretation. A bench used briefly by many people may serve a different purpose from one used for a long conversation. Neither pattern is automatically better. The question is which activities the square should support and whether its seating offers appropriate choices. The planner also asks volunteers to describe whether people sit alone or with others, without recording their identities or conversations. This would help distinguish some uses that a bare count misses. The additional observation is intended to inform the seating discussion, not establish what every person in the square wants.
2. During the first week, volunteers count more people on the stage-facing benches. An official takes this as evidence that residents prefer that arrangement. However, the week includes an outdoor concert, and volunteers make their observations mainly during the event. People who want a quiet conversation might avoid the square at such times and therefore be absent from the count. The planner does not say the observations are false. She says they describe the people present under particular conditions.
3. To investigate a broader range of uses, the team schedules observations on ordinary mornings and evenings as well. It also distinguishes between passing visitors and people who remain seated. These changes are made after the first count and before any permanent arrangement is chosen.
4. A further disagreement concerns comfort. Shopkeepers favor seats that people leave quickly because this might encourage movement through the square. An older resident values a seat where he can rest for half an hour before continuing home. Both support keeping the square active, but they interpret activity differently.
5. The planner suggests retaining some benches of each type rather than treating the experiment as a competition with one winning design. This proposal is not based on a finding that both designs attract equal numbers. It follows from recognizing different purposes and the limits of the available observations. The next report will explain who was counted, when the count occurred, and what the count cannot reveal. Residents will then discuss the intended uses of the square before deciding its final arrangement. The experiment has produced a better question rather than a simple ranking, and the planner regards that as a legitimate contribution to a public decision.
G-S06-Q01 | G-S06-P1
Give ONE answer.
Why might equal seat counts conceal different kinds of use?

G-S06-Q02 | G-S06-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
What should guide the interpretation of occupancy?
A. The activities the seating is intended to support.
B. How the volunteers should arrange their next meeting.
C. The healthiest number of minutes to sit.
D. The topic of public seating.

G-S06-Q03 | G-S06-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why might the concert count give a limited picture?
A. The concert was held because the count showed a preference.
B. People seeking other uses may not have been present.
C. The concert proves all residents prefer facing a stage.
D. The volunteers invented the occupancy figures.

G-S06-Q04 | G-S06-P3
Give ONE answer.
What changed after the initial observations? Give ONE change.

G-S06-Q05 | G-S06-P4
Give ONE answer.
How do the shopkeepers and the older resident differ in what they value?

G-S06-Q06 | G-S06-P5
Circle ONE correct answer.
What does the planner propose?
A. Waiting until both arrangements attract equal numbers.
B. Replacing all benches with standing areas.
C. Keeping a mixture of seating arrangements.
D. Selecting the design with the most concert viewers.

G-S06-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which statement best captures the whole article?
A. Every experiment must produce a winning design.
B. Concerts are the only useful activity in a square.
C. Public seating should be designed solely for older people.
D. A seating count becomes useful when interpreted in relation to conditions and purposes.

G-S07 — Paying for Shared Equipment
439 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. Free access and a service without costs are not the same thing. A fictional neighborhood workshop lends tools without charging a borrowing fee, but someone must still inspect them, replace worn parts, and organize reservations. Its committee is considering two funding models for the coming year. One would ask households for voluntary contributions; the other would introduce a small membership payment while keeping some free places. Neither proposal would charge separately for each tool. Supporters of voluntary funding believe a payment requirement could discourage occasional users. Supporters of membership argue that predictable income would make maintenance easier to plan. The discussion concerns how to sustain access, rather than whether shared tools are useful in principle. The committee wants its final explanation to distinguish a cost that occurs once from one that returns each month. A service can begin with donated equipment and still need an ongoing source of money. Making this distinction clear may help households understand why a familiar workshop can face a new financial decision.
2. The workshop initially paid for repairs with money left from its opening grant. That money is now nearly exhausted. A delay in repairing one drill has already reduced the number available to borrow, so the committee sees a connection between maintenance and access. Buying more tools without arranging future repairs could increase the same problem. Volunteers can check for visible damage, but certain faults require a paid technician. The coordinator asks members to distinguish these roles. Additional volunteers might reduce the time spent organizing reservations, yet they would not necessarily remove the need for professional repairs. When a donor offers to pay for new shelves, the committee welcomes the gift while noting that it cannot be treated as an answer to every continuing expense.
3. At the meeting, a resident proposes a compromise: retain free borrowing for everyone during a six-month trial funded by voluntary contributions, but publish the expected repair costs and the amount still needed. The committee would state before the trial which services would be reduced if the money fell short. This arrangement would let donors understand the consequences of contributing without promising that generosity will solve the budget problem.
4. A member favors the trial because it preserves access while making the financial risk visible. Another doubts that uncertain income can support reliable availability. Both agree that a funding model should be judged by the service it supports, not merely by the number of payments collected. The committee postpones its choice until it has calculated essential costs. No model is presented as a guaranteed solution, and a successful trial would not establish that voluntary funding could cover every future year.
G-S07-Q01 | G-S07-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
What is the main disagreement described in paragraph I?
A. How to fund the continuing service.
B. Shared workshop equipment.
C. How to use a drill safely.
D. Whether tools are useful in principle.

G-S07-Q02 | G-S07-P1
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph I.
Which TWO features are shared by both proposed models?
A. They would fund a tool-lending service.
B. They would rely entirely on volunteers for repairs.
C. They would require payments from every household.
D. They would avoid charging separately for each tool.
E. Initial repairs were paid for from the opening grant.
F. They would guarantee permanent free access for everyone.

G-S07-Q03 | G-S07-P2
Give ONE answer.
How can a repair delay affect access?

G-S07-Q04 | G-S07-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why is the shelves donation not a complete budget solution?
A. It meets one need without covering all recurring costs.
B. Volunteers cannot organize reservations.
C. A gift always covers every expense.
D. The committee refuses all donations.

G-S07-Q05 | G-S07-P3
Complete the sentence.
Before the trial begins, the committee would explain _____.

G-S07-Q06 | G-S07-P4
Give ONE answer.
Why might the two members assess the trial differently?

G-S07-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which summary best fits the article?
A. Voluntary donations have already secured permanent funding.
B. Sustaining shared access requires a funding decision that recognizes continuing costs and uncertainty.
C. New shelves are the workshop's central problem.
D. Collecting more payments is the only measure of success.

G-S08 — An Archive of Everyday Objects
446 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. Which object should represent an ordinary school day: a timetable, a broken pencil, or a note passed between friends? In a fictional archive called Daily Traces, a group of students must make that choice without keeping every object they receive. Their storage room is small, and each item requires a description explaining its origin and use. The archive is intended to preserve evidence of everyday experience, including routines that formal school records may overlook. A neatly written timetable gives one kind of information; a worn pencil might give another. The organizers do not assume that an unusual object is automatically more informative. Its importance depends on the questions it can help someone ask about a particular time and place. A visitor should also be able to ask what the collection excludes because of limited space. The organizers plan to list broad categories of material they could not keep. Such a list cannot restore those objects, but it can make the limits of the archive easier to recognize and discuss.
2. The group first invites anyone to contribute. Soon it receives many competition medals but few objects from ordinary lessons. This does not establish that competitions occupied most of the school day. People may be more willing to give objects associated with achievements, while treating routine materials as worthless. The collection consequently reflects what contributors chose to save as well as what students actually did.
3. To broaden it, the organizers ask several classes to suggest items from an ordinary week. They keep the original medals but add an explanation of the first invitation and its limitations. This explanation matters because a later viewer might otherwise mistake the contents of the room for an unbiased picture of school life. Absence from an archive is not necessarily evidence of absence from experience.
4. The next difficulty is deciding how much information should accompany an object. A note can be historically interesting while revealing something its writer never intended to make public. The students therefore ask permission before including an identifiable person's private words. Where permission is refused, they may preserve a general description without the words themselves. These descriptions provide less detail, but the organizers consider that loss preferable to making trust impossible.
5. The first exhibition shows a selection of items beside short accounts of why they were chosen. Visitors are also told which kinds of material are missing. The purpose is to make the archive's decisions visible, rather than claim that those decisions can be avoided. By explaining selection, the students hope to create a collection that can be questioned intelligently. They recognize that a careful archive offers a useful perspective on the past, not the past itself in miniature.
G-S08-Q01 | G-S08-P1
Give ONE answer.
What makes an object informative for this archive?

G-S08-Q02 | G-S08-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why does every kept object need a description?
A. Descriptions make objects last physically longer.
B. The room can expand only when descriptions are written.
C. Its context helps people interpret it.
D. All broken pencils are more valuable than timetables.

G-S08-Q03 | G-S08-P2
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph II.
Which TWO interpretations of the early collection are supported?
A. Routine lessons never occurred.
B. The abundance of medals may not show how school time was spent.
C. Permission was requested for private notes.
D. All contributors deliberately deceived the organizers.
E. Medals prove competitions took up most lessons.
F. Contributors' choices shaped its contents.

G-S08-Q04 | G-S08-P3
Complete the sentence.
The explanation of the first invitation prevents viewers from assuming _____.

G-S08-Q05 | G-S08-P4
Circle ONE correct answer.
What does the phrase 'These descriptions' refer to?
A. Private notes copied word for word.
B. The timetable in the first paragraph.
C. Descriptions of the original competition medals.
D. General accounts that omit private words when permission is refused.

G-S08-Q06 | G-S08-P5
Give ONE answer.
Why does the exhibition explain why items were chosen?

G-S08-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which is the best title for the whole article?
A. The Complete School Day in One Room
B. Why Private Notes Must Always Be Destroyed
C. How to Win a School Medal
D. Collecting Everyday Life: Making Selection Visible

G-S09 — A Robot Library Assistant
444 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. At a fictional library in Westhaven, returning a book involves more than placing it on a shelf. Staff must check whether it belongs in the ordinary collection, needs repair, or has been reserved for another reader. A proposed robot could carry books between desks and shelves, reducing the time staff spend walking through the building. The library director welcomes that possibility but avoids saying that the machine could take over the whole returns service. Moving an object and deciding what should happen to it are different tasks. The proposal assigns routine transport to the robot while keeping decisions about damaged or reserved books with staff. Its value would depend partly on how well those tasks fit together. The director asks the designers to identify conditions under which the machine should stop and seek help. A clearly stated boundary would be more useful than a promise of uninterrupted movement. Staff would then know whether a pause reflects the intended procedure or an unexpected problem requiring a different response.
2. During a demonstration, the robot carries a cart correctly but leaves it beside a shelf where staff are helping a group of children. The cart blocks their movement even though it has reached the location specified in its instructions. This incident leads the team to add a waiting area away from busy shelves. The robot would stop there if the destination were occupied and notify a staff member. The change does not mean the machine can now understand every social situation in the library. It creates a clear response to one condition the designers can detect. The director calls this limited adaptation useful, while warning against describing it as independent judgment. Staff must still decide whether to interrupt an activity, choose another destination, or leave the books waiting.
3. Some employees worry that learning to operate the robot will add work before it saves any. The director proposes measuring both the walking time avoided and the time spent resolving interruptions. A faster journey is not a saving if it creates a longer delay elsewhere. Other employees hope the robot will let them spend more time recommending books, but the director notes that freed time must actually be allocated to that work. Automation alone does not decide a library's priorities. The proposed trial therefore includes a plan for what staff would do with any time saved. It also retains a manual transport option in case the machine is unavailable. No reduction in staff numbers is proposed. Rather than asking whether a robot is better than a person in general, the library is asking which narrowly defined tasks it can handle reliably and how the remaining responsibilities should be organized.
G-S09-Q01 | G-S09-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which distinction underlies the proposed division of work?
A. Transport makes all human decisions unnecessary.
B. Every reserved book is damaged.
C. Transport is different from deciding how a returned book should be treated.
D. A proposed robot is already the library director.

G-S09-Q02 | G-S09-P1
Give ONE answer.
Give ONE decision that would remain with staff.

G-S09-Q03 | G-S09-P2
Give ONE answer.
Why was a waiting area added?

G-S09-Q04 | G-S09-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why does the director reject independent judgment?
A. It can never complete any useful task.
B. The machine follows a response to one detectable condition.
C. Staff no longer decide whether to interrupt activities.
D. Limited adaptation means complete understanding.

G-S09-Q05 | G-S09-P3
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph III.
Which TWO quantities would the director compare during the trial?
A. Walking time avoided.
B. The number of independent social judgments by the robot.
C. Time spent handling interruptions.
D. The distance between the waiting area and the children.
E. The total value of damaged books.
F. The number of staff already dismissed.

G-S09-Q06 | G-S09-P3
Complete the sentence.
For transport savings to improve book recommendations, the library must _____.

G-S09-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
What is the central point of the article?
A. A robot's usefulness depends on task boundaries and the organization of human work around it.
B. The fastest cart journey always gives the greatest saving.
C. Robots should replace all library employees.
D. Libraries should focus only on recommending books.

G-S10 — A Town's Dark-Sky Plan
440 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. For the fictional town of Hillmere, darkness is both an attraction and a source of concern. Visitors come to observe the night sky from a nearby hill, but residents also want clearly lit walking routes. A proposed lighting plan would direct streetlights downward and reduce their brightness late at night where activity is low. The aim is to limit light spreading into the sky while keeping useful light on the ground. Supporters do not argue that the town should become completely dark. Their proposal distinguishes between illuminating a route and illuminating everything around it. That distinction makes the debate more complicated than a simple choice between light and darkness, because different locations serve different purposes at different hours. The planner asks that future reports identify the hour as well as the street. A route used comfortably at one time may serve different people later. This detail would prevent a favorable observation from being applied without qualification to the whole night, while still allowing residents to describe what they experienced.
2. The town tests the plan on two streets. On the first, the lights become dimmer at midnight; on the second, brightness remains unchanged because a late bus arrives there. Residents report that the hill looks darker, but these reports do not establish whether every walking route is adequately lit. The planner asks people to identify particular places where reading a sign or recognizing an obstacle becomes difficult. Such details are more useful for adjusting the system than a general statement that the new lights feel strange. Some residents prefer the old brightness even where they report no difficulty. The planner records that preference separately from reports about visibility. Neither kind of response is ignored, but they provide different kinds of evidence for a decision.
3. A cafe owner fears that reduced lighting will suggest her business is closed. She requests brighter lights until the last customer has left. The planner proposes keeping the cafe entrance lit while reducing light directed beyond it, subject to a further test. An astronomy club welcomes the proposal but would prefer a later bus stop to be moved away from the hill. Transport officials refuse to assume that a better view of the sky justifies making the bus less convenient.
4. The town has not adopted a final plan. It will compare observations from the hill with reports from people using the streets before deciding which changes to retain. Success would mean a workable balance among uses, rather than the darkest possible town or the greatest possible brightness. The proposal may reduce one conflict, but it cannot eliminate every disagreement about how shared spaces should function after dark.
G-S10-Q01 | G-S10-P1
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph I.
Which TWO aims or methods belong to the proposed plan?
A. Moving the bus stop immediately.
B. Guaranteeing that no resident objects.
C. Removing all walking-route lights.
D. Reducing brightness late at night in low-activity areas.
E. Directing streetlights toward the ground.
F. Increasing every light until sunrise.

G-S10-Q02 | G-S10-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
What distinction does the proposal make?
A. Limiting light means banning light.
B. Useful route lighting differs from light spreading beyond the route.
C. Visitors need no access to the hill.
D. Darkness always improves safety.

G-S10-Q03 | G-S10-P2
Give ONE answer.
Why is the second street's brightness unchanged?

G-S10-Q04 | G-S10-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
What would be most useful for adjusting lighting?
A. The statement that lighting is the subject of the plan.
B. The cafe owner requests brighter lights until her last customer leaves.
C. A recommendation to admire the beautiful stars.
D. Reports naming specific places with visibility difficulties.

G-S10-Q05 | G-S10-P3
Give ONE answer.
How does the planner respond to the cafe owner?

G-S10-Q06 | G-S10-P4
Complete the sentence.
Before retaining changes, the town will _____.

G-S10-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which statement best expresses the main idea?
A. The cafe owner has proved every change is harmful.
B. Observing stars is the town's only legitimate activity.
C. Lighting decisions require balancing different uses with evidence from the places affected.
D. The darkest town must always be the most successful.

G-S11 — A Refillable Package Standard
439 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. A refillable jar is useful only if it can be filled again. In a fictional district called Eastbridge, several small food shops consider adopting jars of the same shape and size. Customers could return a jar to any participating shop rather than locate the shop where they bought it. The proposal would not make the food inside identical, nor would it combine the businesses. It would standardize one part of their packaging so that collecting and washing empty jars could be organized together. The attraction lies in coordination. A jar that works perfectly within one shop's system may cause difficulties when it arrives at another, especially if the receiving shop has nowhere to store or clean it. The organizer also distinguishes the number of businesses agreeing in principle from the number ready to handle returns on the starting date. A shared plan can sound attractive before practical arrangements are in place. The trial needs participants who can perform their agreed role, rather than simply endorse the general idea.
2. Each business has reasons to hesitate. One has already bought a large supply of its own jars; another uses a distinctive shape as part of its identity. Changing immediately would impose costs that are unevenly distributed. A shared washing service might eventually reduce the work each shop does, but that potential saving would depend on enough shops joining. This creates a difficulty: a business may wait for others to commit before it is willing to commit itself. The organizer proposes a small first group with a fixed starting date and an agreed division of washing costs. She does not interpret hesitation as proof that shop owners oppose reuse. Their objection may concern the transition or the risk of paying for a system that too few others support.
3. Customers raise a different question: what happens if a shop withdraws? The draft agreement requires departing members to accept returns for a limited period, giving customers time to bring back jars already purchased. It also states that the shared jar may carry removable labels so that businesses can still display their own names. These arrangements are meant to clarify responsibilities, not eliminate every inconvenience. A customer who values convenience might still prefer disposable packaging, and a shop might find that its return rate remains low.
4. The first group's review will therefore compare the number of jars circulating with the work and costs of collecting them. It will not count every sale in a refillable jar as proof of repeated reuse. The proposal suggests that reducing waste through shared packaging involves agreements and habits as well as an object that can technically be used again.
G-S11-Q01 | G-S11-P1
Give ONE answer.
What would a shared jar format enable customers to do?

G-S11-Q02 | G-S11-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why does the organizer emphasize coordination?
A. A common format makes joint collection and washing possible.
B. The proposal makes jars beautiful symbols of unity.
C. All businesses would become one company.
D. Identical jars guarantee identical food quality.

G-S11-Q03 | G-S11-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
What might hesitation indicate?
A. Concern about transition costs or too little participation.
B. The shared service has already removed all costs.
C. Hesitation proves hostility to any reuse.
D. Every shop faces exactly the same transition costs.

G-S11-Q04 | G-S11-P2
Give ONE answer.
Why might one shop wait for others to commit?

G-S11-Q05 | G-S11-P3
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph III.
Which TWO provisions are in the draft agreement?
A. Businesses may put their names on removable labels.
B. A withdrawing shop must accept returns forever.
C. The initial group has a fixed starting date.
D. Every sale must result in a second use.
E. Businesses must stop using their own names.
F. A withdrawing shop must temporarily continue accepting returns.

G-S11-Q06 | G-S11-P4
Give ONE answer.
Why is a sale in a refillable jar insufficient evidence of success?

G-S11-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which is the best title for the whole article?
A. Why Every Shop Must Sell the Same Food
B. How to Wash One Jar at Home
C. Beyond the Jar: Organizing a Shared Refill System
D. The Shape That Guarantees Zero Waste

G-S12 — Rating a Volunteer Service
423 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. A long queue outside a service can mean that it is popular, that it is slow, or that people have few alternatives. In a fictional volunteer advice center, managers are therefore cautious about treating the queue as a measure of success. The center helps residents locate public services and understand which office handles a request. Volunteers do not decide applications themselves. Managers want to know whether visitors leave with a usable next step, but the existing survey asks only whether they enjoyed the visit. A friendly encounter matters, yet a person can enjoy a conversation and still be unsure what to do next. The managers propose adding a question about whether the visitor understands the next action required. The managers want to preserve a place for comments about courtesy while making its role clear. A disappointing conversation may identify a real problem even when a referral is correct. The revised approach is intended to distinguish aspects of help, rather than declare that one of them is the only important outcome. Both aspects deserve attention.
2. Two volunteers interpret the proposed change differently. Lina fears that brief, demanding cases will receive lower ratings than pleasant conversations, even if the advice is accurate. Omar worries that the old survey encourages them to spend time reassuring visitors instead of identifying the right office. Both want to be helpful, but they notice different risks in using a single number. The manager agrees that a rating should not replace an account of what happened. She proposes anonymous summaries of common unresolved problems, without names or individual written answers. These summaries would show where information is missing or where a referral is difficult. They would not establish which volunteer is the kindest person or create a competition among volunteers.
3. A trial of the revised survey produces fewer top ratings but more reports that visitors know which office to contact. The manager warns against concluding that the center has suddenly become worse simply because scores fell. The questions have changed, so old and new ratings are not directly comparable. Nor do the new answers establish that an application was ultimately successful; the center does not make that decision.
4. Before extending the survey, the team will check whether visitors understand the new question and can answer it without disclosing private information. The intended result is a clearer view of the service's contribution and its limits. A helpful measure should guide improvements in the work, rather than encourage the appearance of success at the expense of the people the center exists to help.
G-S12-Q01 | G-S12-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
What does a long queue establish by itself?
A. The center is definitely the best in town.
B. That several different explanations remain possible.
C. Every visitor enjoyed the service.
D. The volunteers decide all public applications.

G-S12-Q02 | G-S12-P1
Give ONE answer.
What would the additional survey question assess?

G-S12-Q03 | G-S12-P2
Give ONE answer.
What do Lina and Omar have in common despite their different concerns?

G-S12-Q04 | G-S12-P2
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph II.
Which TWO purposes are assigned to the proposed summaries?
A. Ranking volunteers by kindness.
B. Identifying gaps in information.
C. Identifying difficulties in referring visitors.
D. Replacing every account with a single number.
E. Proving that applications have been approved.
F. Storing visitors' names.

G-S12-Q05 | G-S12-P3
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why should lower ratings be interpreted cautiously?
A. The center caused every application to fail.
B. A lower score always means worse service.
C. The manager stopped allowing anonymous responses.
D. The new survey measures something different.

G-S12-Q06 | G-S12-P4
Complete the sentence.
Before extending the survey, the team will check _____.

G-S12-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
What is the writer's main purpose?
A. To show how evaluating a service requires measures that match its role and limitations.
B. To describe one visitor's application.
C. To identify the friendliest volunteer.
D. To prove that popularity always measures usefulness.

G-S13 — A Virtual Field Trip
437 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. In a fictional geography course, a teacher offers two ways to explore a river valley. One group travels to the valley; another uses an interactive digital model in class. The model lets students move between locations, compare seasonal images, and revisit a viewpoint as often as they wish. It also allows students who cannot join a trip to examine the same general landscape. The teacher does not describe the model as a full substitute for being there. A field visit includes sounds, changes in weather, and decisions about moving across uneven ground. The model selects some aspects of the place and leaves others out. That selection may support a lesson well, provided students understand what kind of experience they are receiving. The teacher also asks students to identify a question for which their own method offers little evidence. This is not treated as an admission that the lesson has failed. Recognizing a limit can help a student decide what further observation is needed and which conclusion should remain tentative until then.
2. For the first activity, both groups investigate where people have built paths beside the river. Students using the model can compare several routes quickly. Students in the valley need more time to reach each viewpoint, but may notice obstacles that are hard to recognize in the images. The teacher assigns both groups the same question while allowing different kinds of evidence. She asks them to record how they reached a conclusion, not merely which route they selected. When the groups later compare answers, a difference is not automatically treated as proof that one group was careless. It may reflect a feature visible in one setting but not the other. The discussion is intended to reveal how available evidence shapes a judgment.
3. The digital group then asks to add notes identifying places where the images are uncertain or outdated. The field group contributes observations from its visit, but the teacher warns that these also describe only one day. A wet path seen during the trip should not be assumed to remain wet all year. The combined record therefore includes dates and an explanation of each observation's limits. Some students prefer the model because they can return to a viewpoint immediately; others value the effort and unpredictability of reaching it themselves. The teacher sees no need to make one preference compulsory. Her next lesson will ask which method is more suitable for a particular question and why. The aim is to use each experience deliberately, rather than judge educational value solely by how closely a screen resembles the landscape or how far a group traveled to see it.
G-S13-Q01 | G-S13-P1
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph I.
Which TWO features of the model are described?
A. Representing all aspects of being there.
B. Removing every obstacle from the actual valley.
C. Feeling changing weather directly.
D. Comparing images from different seasons.
E. Returning repeatedly to a viewpoint.
F. Recording the visiting group's wet path.

G-S13-Q02 | G-S13-P1
Give ONE answer.
Why is the model not a full substitute for visiting?

G-S13-Q03 | G-S13-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why does the teacher ask how a conclusion was reached?
A. To suggest a cheaper school bus.
B. To make the relationship between evidence and judgment visible.
C. To praise the brave travelers.
D. To ensure everyone picks the identical route.

G-S13-Q04 | G-S13-P2
Give ONE answer.
How may the visiting group's evidence differ from the model group's?

G-S13-Q05 | G-S13-P3
Circle ONE correct answer.
What does the word 'these' refer to in the teacher's warning?
A. All possible seasons in the valley.
B. The model's viewpoint controls.
C. Observations contributed by the field group.
D. The next lesson's questions.

G-S13-Q06 | G-S13-P3
Complete the sentence.
A wet path during the trip does not establish _____.

G-S13-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which statement best summarizes the whole article?
A. The longest journey necessarily produces the best lesson.
B. Virtual trips should always replace physical trips.
C. A digital image is a complete account of a landscape.
D. Different learning experiences can be useful when their evidence and limits are matched to the question.

G-S14 — A Temporary Street Closure
436 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. When a street changes, the people using it may change too. In a fictional town, Brook Lane closes to cars on four Saturday afternoons. The council wants to learn whether the space could support walking, outdoor seating, and deliveries at agreed times. It does not yet propose a permanent ban. Shopkeepers have different expectations: a cafe hopes people will stay longer, while a furniture seller worries that customers will find collection difficult. The trial is meant to make those concerns observable. Comparing sales before and during the closure seems simple, but the council's analyst warns that a difference in sales could have several causes. Weather, events, and the kinds of customers visiting may also change from one Saturday to another. The analyst asks the report to separate a temporary inconvenience from a continuing one. Customers may learn new collection arrangements after an initial misunderstanding, whereas an inaccessible loading point could remain a problem. Distinguishing those possibilities requires observation across the trial; neither can be settled by the first afternoon alone.
2. The first closed afternoon coincides with a food festival, and the cafe reports a large increase in sales. Its owner describes this as proof that closing the street improves business. The furniture seller reports fewer collections and reaches the opposite conclusion. The analyst accepts both reports as descriptions of those businesses that afternoon, but not as a complete account of the closure's effects. The festival may have brought extra cafe customers independently of the traffic restriction. Meanwhile, furniture customers had not received advance notice of the changed collection arrangements. The council adds clearer notices for the remaining Saturdays and records whether an event takes place. These adjustments do not remove every difference between days, but they help explain the conditions under which each result occurs.
3. After four afternoons, the council has a mixed record. Pedestrians report enjoying the additional space, while some delivery workers say the agreed collection period is too short. The cafe's sales remain higher on festival days but vary on ordinary days. Rather than announce a universal gain or loss, the analyst separates the different activities and the conditions that affect them. A proposed next trial would retain access for deliveries during a longer morning period and test afternoons without a festival.
4. Some supporters dislike another delay, arguing that the street already feels better. Others welcome the caution because a permanent change would affect people who rarely attend public events. The council has not resolved the disagreement. It has, however, moved from asking whether closure is good in general to asking for whom, under what arrangements, and with what consequences it might work.
G-S14-Q01 | G-S14-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
What is the status of the street closure?
A. It has already ended all deliveries.
B. It occurs every day of the year.
C. It is a limited trial, with no permanent ban yet proposed.
D. It is a permanent rule already adopted.

G-S14-Q02 | G-S14-P1
Give ONE answer.
Why might comparing sales alone be insufficient?

G-S14-Q03 | G-S14-P2
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph II.
Which TWO conditions may explain the businesses' different results?
A. The festival may have increased cafe demand.
B. All deliveries were legally prohibited for a year.
C. The furniture report caused the original closure.
D. Furniture customers lacked advance collection information.
E. The closure proves every shop will gain.
F. Some delivery workers think the collection period is too short.

G-S14-Q04 | G-S14-P2
Give ONE answer.
Why were clearer notices added for later Saturdays?

G-S14-Q05 | G-S14-P3
Give ONE answer.
What would the proposed next trial change? Give ONE answer.

G-S14-Q06 | G-S14-P4
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why do some residents welcome further caution?
A. A permanent change would affect users beyond event visitors.
B. They assume no pedestrian enjoyed the space.
C. They believe every trial must last forever.
D. They want to explain how the cafe cooks food.

G-S14-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which title best fits the whole article?
A. A Festival That Proved Every Business Successful
B. Why Sales Never Provide Useful Information
C. How to Collect a New Sofa
D. Closing a Street: Interpreting Results before Deciding

G-S15 — Keeping Old Software Running
434 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. In a fictional community archive, replacing an old computer program would not simply mean installing a newer one. The archive holds years of catalog entries created in a format the new program cannot read directly. Staff must decide whether to convert those records, maintain the old program, or use both temporarily. A newer program offers easier searching, but that advantage matters only if the records can be transferred without losing their meaning. Some entries use special notes to explain uncertain dates. If those notes disappear, a search may become faster while its results become less reliable. The archive's director therefore treats preservation of information as a separate goal from improving the speed or appearance of the service. Staff also want a clear way to report an entry that appears wrong after transfer. The director proposes retaining links to original records during the transition. This would help a reader's question lead to a specific comparison, rather than require someone to search the whole archive to discover what changed.
2. One staff member proposes keeping the old program indefinitely because it already displays the records correctly. Another points out that fewer technicians now know how to repair it. Familiarity for present users does not ensure future support. On the other hand, an immediate conversion might overlook differences between the two formats. The director suggests a staged test: transfer a small collection, compare each converted entry with its original, and record any changes in meaning. During that test, the old system would remain available. This approach could reveal problems before they affect the entire archive, although it would require staff time that could otherwise be spent describing new material. Maintaining continuity has costs as well as benefits.
3. The test reveals that the new program places uncertain dates in a field normally used for confirmed dates. Nothing has vanished, but the relationship between a number and its explanation has changed. The team adds an explicit uncertainty marker and checks the altered entries again. It does not conclude that every remaining collection will transfer correctly. Different records may contain features not present in the first sample. The director asks for a list of such features before expanding the conversion. Meanwhile, she tells readers which system they are using and what has been checked. The archive's aim is neither to preserve an old program merely because it is old nor to replace it merely because something newer exists. It is to keep information usable and interpretable while changing the tools that provide access to it. The next decision will depend on whether that aim can be met at a manageable cost.
G-S15-Q01 | G-S15-P1
Give ONE answer.
Why might faster searching become less reliable?

G-S15-Q02 | G-S15-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
What does the director distinguish from speed and appearance?
A. Inventing new historical dates.
B. Preserving the meaning of archived information.
C. Selecting the prettiest screen.
D. The general topic of computer programs.

G-S15-Q03 | G-S15-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why may keeping the old program indefinitely be risky?
A. Every current record is unreadable.
B. Familiarity guarantees permanent support.
C. Future technical support may be difficult to obtain.
D. The new program has already replaced it completely.

G-S15-Q04 | G-S15-P2
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph II.
Which TWO steps are included in the staged test?
A. Stop describing new material permanently.
B. Compare converted entries with originals.
C. Record changes in meaning.
D. Add the uncertainty marker already found necessary.
E. Convert the whole archive immediately.
F. Discard the old program before testing.

G-S15-Q05 | G-S15-P3
Give ONE answer.
Why was an uncertainty marker added?

G-S15-Q06 | G-S15-P3
Give ONE answer.
Why does success with the sample not establish success with every collection?

G-S15-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which summary best fits the whole article?
A. Changing software requires preserving information's meaning as well as improving access.
B. Old software must always be kept unchanged.
C. A date field is the only concern in software maintenance.
D. Newer tools guarantee accurate archives.

G-S16 — A Citizen Weather Network
435 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. A blank space on a weather map can mean that nobody measured the conditions there. In a fictional citizen network, residents place small rain gauges outside their homes and send totals to a community map. The project could provide observations from locations far from the town's official station. Its coordinator is interested in differences across neighborhoods, not in replacing every professional forecast. Before inviting more participants, she explains that a volunteer measurement is useful only if its location and collection method are understood. A gauge beneath a roof may receive less rain than one in an open yard. More reports would increase the amount of information, but without basic checks they could also increase the number of misleading comparisons. The coordinator encourages participants to include an explanation when a measurement period is uncertain. A report need not disappear merely because it is imperfect, but uncertainty must travel with the number. Readers could then decide whether the observation is suitable for a particular comparison instead of silently treating all totals alike.
2. The first month's map contains many entries from central neighborhoods and few from the outskirts. A reader concludes that it hardly rained outside the center. The coordinator points out that sparse reporting does not support that conclusion. Missing observations should be shown as missing, not displayed as zero rainfall. She invites volunteers from the outskirts and provides instructions for placing gauges away from overhanging surfaces. Participants also report the period covered by a measurement. A total collected over two days cannot be compared directly with a one-day total. These steps may improve interpretation, but they do not remove every source of uncertainty. For example, a volunteer who forgets to empty a gauge may not know precisely which day's rain it contains.
3. The network later produces a map that marks both rainfall totals and gaps in coverage. Some residents dislike the gaps because they make the project look incomplete. The coordinator argues that an honest incomplete map is more informative than a smooth one built on assumptions. A garden club uses the observations to discuss local watering needs, while an event organizer asks whether the map can guarantee dry weather next Saturday. The coordinator declines to make that promise: descriptions of recent rainfall are not predictions of a future afternoon. The project's next goal is to make collecting periods easier to record and explain, rather than issue more confident claims. Its value may lie in revealing local variation and unanswered questions, provided the people reading it can distinguish an observation, a missing observation, and a forecast. Those distinctions determine what decisions the information can reasonably support.
G-S16-Q01 | G-S16-P1
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph I.
Which TWO things affect how a volunteer measurement should be interpreted?
A. Whether every forecast should be replaced.
B. Whether the home has a beautiful garden.
C. Whether empty map spaces display zero.
D. Whether next Saturday is guaranteed dry.
E. Where the gauge is located.
F. How the measurement was collected.

G-S16-Q02 | G-S16-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why could more reports still create misleading comparisons?
A. The number of reports directly causes rain.
B. The official station has already closed.
C. Every volunteer deliberately makes false reports.
D. Measurements may be taken under different conditions or methods.

G-S16-Q03 | G-S16-P2
Give ONE answer.
Why does a blank area not establish little rainfall?

G-S16-Q04 | G-S16-P2
Complete the sentence.
For two totals to be compared directly, the reader needs to know _____.

G-S16-Q05 | G-S16-P3
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why does the coordinator prefer visible gaps?
A. A complete-looking map must be an accurate map.
B. They distinguish missing evidence from assumed values.
C. The gaps identify places where rain never falls.
D. Incomplete means entirely useless.

G-S16-Q06 | G-S16-P3
Complete the sentence.
The coordinator cannot guarantee dry weather next Saturday because _____.

G-S16-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
What is the main purpose of the article?
A. To recommend a particular rain gauge for purchase.
B. To explain why community weather information must make its coverage and limits clear.
C. To show that only central neighborhoods receive rain.
D. To guarantee future weather from volunteer reports.

G-S17 — Renting an Urban Roof Garden
433 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. A roof can look like unused space while already carrying important responsibilities. In a fictional housing building, a residents' group proposes renting part of the roof to grow vegetables. The owner agrees to discuss the idea but asks who would pay for access, maintenance, and any necessary protection of the building. The group initially focuses on the advantages: members could garden close to home, and the rent could contribute to building expenses. The owner does not dispute those possibilities. He points out that an attractive use of space does not by itself define an agreement. Before plants arrive, someone must establish which activities are permitted and who must respond if the garden affects the roof beneath it. The owner asks the draft to explain what happens if the group later stops gardening. Containers would still need to be removed and the rented area returned in an agreed condition. Planning for an ending is part of defining responsibility, even when members hope the garden will continue for many years.
2. A draft divides responsibilities between the parties. The owner would maintain the roof structure; the gardening group would look after containers and paths within its rented area. Watering arrangements would need approval so that runoff does not disturb other residents. A member asks whether paying rent gives the group the right to change the whole roof. The coordinator explains that renting an area grants a defined use, not unrestricted control over the building. The agreement would also specify when members can enter and how repair workers can reach the structure. These conditions may reduce flexibility, but they allow the garden to coexist with other uses. Neither the group's enthusiasm nor the owner's approval removes the need to decide such practical boundaries.
3. The financial plan creates another debate. Selling vegetables might cover some costs, but the group has no evidence that sales would pay the entire rent. Some members want to keep the garden small and treat it mainly as a shared activity. Others prefer a larger operation that could eventually support itself. Both proposals would require work, and someone must perform that work even in a year with a poor harvest.
4. The coordinator asks members to agree on a minimum contribution before promising any income to the owner. The plan remains a proposal; no harvest or profit has yet occurred. The next meeting will compare a modest garden funded by members with a larger model dependent partly on sales. Choosing between them will involve expectations about time, responsibility, and financial risk, not simply a prediction about how many vegetables an appealing rooftop image might suggest.
G-S17-Q01 | G-S17-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
What is the owner's main point?
A. Benefits do not establish the practical responsibilities of an agreement.
B. The roof has already produced a profitable harvest.
C. A garden would be a wonderful green paradise.
D. Gardening should be forbidden in every building.

G-S17-Q02 | G-S17-P1
Give ONE answer.
Why must responsibilities be settled before plants arrive?

G-S17-Q03 | G-S17-P2
Give ONE answer.
What would the owner maintain, and what would the group maintain?

G-S17-Q04 | G-S17-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why does renting not mean unrestricted control?
A. Permission for a defined use means ownership of the entire building.
B. Rent guarantees that no roof repairs are needed.
C. The agreement permits specified activities within boundaries.
D. The group may prevent all repair workers entering.

G-S17-Q05 | G-S17-P3
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph III.
Which TWO claims accurately describe the financial discussion?
A. A large garden guarantees financial independence.
B. The group must provide work even after a poor harvest.
C. Sales are not established as covering the whole rent.
D. The owner must maintain every container.
E. Both proposals require no labor.
F. Members have already earned a profit.

G-S17-Q06 | G-S17-P4
Complete the sentence.
Before promising income to the owner, the coordinator wants members to _____.

G-S17-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which title best fits the whole article?
A. The Harvest That Paid Every Expense
B. Why All Rooftops Should Remain Empty
C. How to Grow One Perfect Vegetable
D. A Roof Garden Needs More Than Growing Space

G-S18 — A Festival's Quiet Hour
450 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. For some people, a lively festival is attractive precisely because it is noisy and crowded. For others, those conditions make attending difficult. In a fictional arts festival, organizers propose a quiet hour before the main program begins. Music would be reduced, announcements kept brief, and a smaller number of visitors admitted at a time. The organizers want to offer another way to experience the event, rather than redefine what every visitor should enjoy. They recognize that a quieter period cannot remove every possible difficulty. A person may still find the unfamiliar place demanding or be unable to attend early. The proposal is therefore described as one access option, not an answer for everyone who has previously stayed away. The access coordinator asks volunteers to describe the early hour consistently when answering questions. Calling it a silent version of the whole event could create expectations the program cannot meet. A short description of available activities and remaining sounds would be more useful than a promise made simply to encourage attendance.
2. The first planning meeting reveals that quiet has different meanings for different participants. One wants lower music volume but welcomes spoken guidance; another prefers written directions because announcements are difficult to follow. An artist worries that silence would change a performance built around sound. The organizers separate the main stage program from stalls and visual exhibits. The early hour would offer access to the latter, while the stage performances would retain their usual schedule. This arrangement allows part of the festival to become quieter without claiming that every artwork can be adapted in the same way. A visitor choosing the early period would be told in advance which activities are available. Clear expectations are necessary if the extra option is to be useful rather than disappointing.
3. A volunteer suggests measuring success by how many visitors attend during the quiet hour. The access coordinator asks for a broader view: a low count might mean the time is inconvenient, while a high count might include people who simply prefer shorter queues. Neither result alone shows whether the intended access need was met. She proposes asking visitors whether they could take part in activities they would otherwise have missed, using optional feedback without personal details. The organizers will also record which difficulties remain. Some supporters want the whole festival made quiet immediately, but the coordinator prefers testing the limited option before recommending wider changes. A successful hour would show that this arrangement helped some people under these conditions. It would not establish that quietness is the best design for every performance or that all excluded visitors can now attend. The plan aims to expand choices while preserving an honest account of the experience offered.
G-S18-Q01 | G-S18-P1
Give ONE answer.
What is the purpose of the proposed quiet hour?

G-S18-Q02 | G-S18-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why is it called one access option?
A. An option means a guaranteed solution for all.
B. All visitors dislike music and crowds.
C. It may help some visitors but cannot address every barrier.
D. A smaller crowd causes every person to attend early.

G-S18-Q03 | G-S18-P2
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph II.
Which TWO details describe the planned early hour?
A. All stage performances would move into the early hour.
B. Its value has already been measured by attendance.
C. The artist's sound performance would become silent.
D. Visitors would receive advance information about available activities.
E. Every participant prefers written directions.
F. Stalls and visual exhibits would be available.

G-S18-Q04 | G-S18-P2
Give ONE answer.
Why do organizers separate the stage program from other activities?

G-S18-Q05 | G-S18-P3
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why might a high attendance count be insufficient?
A. The number of stalls is the whole article's theme.
B. The feedback creates the original access difficulties.
C. More visitors always prove every barrier has disappeared.
D. It may include people attending for reasons unrelated to the intended access need.

G-S18-Q06 | G-S18-P3
Give ONE answer.
What feedback would help establish that the option met an access need?

G-S18-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which statement best summarizes the whole article?
A. Every successful festival must be completely silent.
B. A limited quiet period may expand access when its activities and remaining limits are clearly explained.
C. The article is mainly a timetable for stage artists.
D. Shorter queues prove all access needs are met.

G-S19 — The Right to Remove an Old Photo
439 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. A photograph may remain unchanged while its meaning for a person changes. In a fictional neighborhood history project, residents donate pictures for an online exhibition. Years later, one contributor asks for a photograph of herself as a teenager to be removed. She originally welcomed its inclusion, but now feels uncomfortable with strangers seeing it. The curator accepts that her earlier agreement was genuine. He also asks whether that agreement should settle the question forever. The exhibition is intended as a shared historical record, yet it depends on people trusting how their contributions are handled. Removing a picture may create a gap; refusing every request may discourage future contributions. The project must address both consequences rather than pretend that either choice is cost-free. The curator also asks the team to keep explanations of the policy separate from the contributor's private story. Visitors need to understand the archive's procedure, but they do not need personal details to understand why a removal request can matter. The distinction would help the team answer questions without reproducing the original concern.
2. The curator distinguishes removal from the public exhibition from destruction of every trace. He proposes replacing the photograph with a short note that an image was withdrawn at the contributor's request. The note would not repeat the image or explain her personal reasons. This could preserve an account of the exhibition's development while respecting the changed wish about public viewing. Another volunteer objects that visitors will no longer see a scene useful for understanding local school life. The curator acknowledges the loss instead of claiming the note provides equivalent evidence. However, he argues that retaining historical context does not require displaying every originally available image. The proposed response tries to preserve continuity without treating a contributor's decision as an embarrassing event that must be hidden.
3. The discussion also changes how the project invites new donations. Contributors would be told how requests for removal are handled and what nonpersonal record might remain. They would not be promised that the project can remove copies already downloaded by other people. Such a promise would exceed its control over the internet.
4. One member argues that this limitation makes accepting donations impossible. The curator disagrees: a limit can be explained without claiming there is no useful action within it. The project can stop displaying an image on its own website and be honest about copies elsewhere. Before adopting the policy, the team will discuss whether the remaining note is understandable and respectful. The decision is still open. The debate shows how preservation involves continuing relationships with contributors, not just keeping objects unchanged after the moment they enter an archive.
G-S19-Q01 | G-S19-P1
Circle ONE correct answer.
What has changed in the contributor's situation?
A. Her willingness to have the photograph publicly displayed.
B. The curator has destroyed every copy.
C. The image now shows a different scene.
D. She never agreed to its inclusion.

G-S19-Q02 | G-S19-P1
Give ONE answer.
Why could refusing every removal request harm the project?

G-S19-Q03 | G-S19-P2
Give ONE answer.
What does the proposed replacement note preserve?

G-S19-Q04 | G-S19-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why does the curator acknowledge a loss?
A. The volunteer's objection has no historical basis.
B. The note cannot give the same visual evidence as the photograph.
C. Equivalent means more detailed than the original.
D. The note must disclose every personal reason.

G-S19-Q05 | G-S19-P3
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph III.
Which TWO limits or responsibilities would be explained to new contributors?
A. That a nonpersonal record of withdrawal might remain.
B. That every downloaded copy can be erased.
C. That their photograph is less useful than a note.
D. That no request can affect its own website.
E. How removal requests would be handled.
F. That the old contributor was a teenager.

G-S19-Q06 | G-S19-P4
Give ONE answer.
Why does the curator reject the claim that the limitation makes donations impossible?

G-S19-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
What is the main issue examined in the article?
A. How an archive can balance preservation with changing wishes and limited control over copies.
B. Whether the contributor was really a teenager.
C. Why historical images have no value.
D. How to erase every image from the internet.

G-S20 — Publishing an Algorithm's Limitations
445 words; seven numbered questions; 8 answer units.
1. An explanation is not useful merely because it is available. In a fictional city project, an online tool ranks possible sites for new public water fountains. It combines estimated foot traffic, distance from existing fountains, and the cost of installation. Officials publish the calculation method so residents can understand the recommendations. However, several readers assume the top-ranked site must be the best in every respect. The project manager explains that the tool compares only the factors entered into it. It does not measure whether a place feels welcoming or whether maintenance workers can reach it easily during busy hours. Publishing the calculation is a first step toward scrutiny, not proof that everyone understands the result or that the result settles the decision. The team plans to invite readers to explain a sample ranking in their own words. A correct description would provide more evidence of understanding than merely counting visits to the explanation page. This exercise would test communication of the tool's limits, not establish agreement with the priorities the council ultimately chooses.
2. The manager asks the team to present two sites side by side. One ranks higher because more people pass it; the other is cheaper to install but farther from the busiest route. The display shows how changing the importance assigned to cost can change their order. This does not mean the tool is malfunctioning. It reveals that a recommendation depends on priorities chosen by people. A resident who favors the cheaper site is not necessarily rejecting the calculation; she may disagree with those priorities. The team adds examples in ordinary language alongside the technical account. These examples explain the relationship between a choice of priorities and a resulting ranking, without pretending that one set of priorities is beyond public debate.
3. A volunteer then identifies a proposed site near a street scheduled for major works. The tool's current data do not include that plan, so its ranking may be based on conditions that will no longer apply. The manager adds a warning beside the site and refers it for a separate review. She also requests a visible date for the next data update.
4. Some officials worry that displaying warnings will reduce confidence in the tool. The manager argues that justified confidence requires knowing where the recommendation is weak as well as where it is well supported. The council will make the final choice after considering the ranked suggestions and information outside the model. The aim is neither to hide the calculation behind authority nor to ask residents to solve every technical problem themselves. It is to make the tool's contribution understandable enough that people can question its assumptions and use its results appropriately.
G-S20-Q01 | G-S20-P1
Select TWO correct answers from the SIX options. Base your answers on paragraph I.
Which TWO factors are included in the tool?
A. Installation cost.
B. How welcoming every site feels.
C. Estimated numbers of people passing.
D. The date of the next data update.
E. Plans for future major street works.
F. Ease of maintenance access during busy hours.

G-S20-Q02 | G-S20-P1
Give ONE answer.
Why does publishing the calculation not settle the site decision?

G-S20-Q03 | G-S20-P2
Circle ONE correct answer.
What does the change in site order demonstrate?
A. A changed result necessarily proves the tool is broken.
B. The ranking determines which priorities people originally chose.
C. Technical words automatically produce complete understanding.
D. Different weights given to priorities can change the recommendation.

G-S20-Q04 | G-S20-P2
Give ONE answer.
Why might the resident prefer the cheaper site without rejecting the calculation?

G-S20-Q05 | G-S20-P3
Give ONE answer.
Why may the street-work plan weaken the site's ranking?

G-S20-Q06 | G-S20-P4
Circle ONE correct answer.
Why does the manager favor displaying warnings?
A. They provide an inspiring guarantee of perfect decisions.
B. They explain only which sites are cheapest.
C. They help users place justified confidence in a limited recommendation.
D. They allow residents to ignore every result.

G-S20-Q07 | whole_text
Circle ONE correct answer.
Which statement best summarizes the article?
A. Publishing code guarantees agreement about public priorities.
B. The highest rank must determine the council's final choice.
C. Transparency becomes useful when people can understand a model's priorities, omissions and role in a decision.
D. The article provides instructions for installing water pipes.